The DoD Model, also known as the TCP/IP Model, is a foundational framework for understanding how data travels across networks, normally refers to the Internet.
It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense to support robust, scalable communication systems and is still widely used today.
Process/Application Layer - It interfaces directly with the software applications like Chrome, Word, Excel, Powerpoint or Outlook. Ex. Web browsers, Productivity software.
Transport Layer - It ensures reliable data transfer between devices. Ex. TCP, UDP
Internet Layer - It handles IP addressing , routing in the networks Ex. IP, ICMP, ARP
Link/Network Interface Layer - It manages physical transmission of data over the network hardware.
Ex. Ethernet or Using Wireless networking -RF Radio Frequency.
It deals with hardware-level data transmission.
It includes drivers, cables, switches, and protocols like Ethernet.
